健康资讯
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无论原因如何,在达到自然绝经的中位年龄之前经历更年期和雌激素缺乏的女性发病和死亡的风险会增加。对于这些女性,应考虑雌激素治疗,但可能无法消除所有不良后果。
自发性卵巢早衰(POF)或提前更年期
卵巢早衰 (POF),现在也称为原发性卵巢功能不全或原发性卵巢功能障碍 ,是一种40岁以下女性闭经、性类固醇水平低和促性腺激素水平升高的综合征。POF最常见的是特发性,但也可能由自身免疫性疾病、遗传原因、感染或炎症、酶缺乏或代谢综合征引起。据报道,在40岁以下女性中,POF影响约1%,在40-45岁女性中,自发性绝经影响约5%。
已发现近一半受影响的女性POF与间歇性卵巢功能有关。虽然卵巢功能自发或诱导恢复是可能的,但与中位年龄左右自发绝经的女性相比,大多数患有POF的女性会经历更长时间的持续性类固醇缺乏。因此,在评估长期健康结果时,POF和过早自发绝经的其他原因通常被分类在一起。
诱发过早绝经或提前绝经
诱发绝经可能是由绝经前双侧卵巢切除术或包括化疗和放疗在内的癌症治疗引起的。由于儿童、青少年和育龄妇女癌症治疗的成功率不断提高,这些原因导致的过早绝经现象随着时间的推移而增加。同样,子宫切除术时预防性双侧卵巢切除术的实践也随着时间的推移而增加。然而,关于诱发绝经后的长期风险和不良健康结果的证据正在开始积累。
1.癌症治疗后诱发更年期
梅奥诊所卵巢切除术和衰老队列研究涉及4,780名女性的人群样本,报告显示45岁之前接受预防性双侧卵巢切除术的女性全因死亡率增加。死亡率增加主要见于手术后至45岁未服用雌激素的女性(HR1.93,95% CI 1.25-2.96)。45岁之前接受双侧卵巢切除术且不服用雌激素的女性心血管死亡率也会增加。
梅奥诊所卵巢切除术队列研究(Mayo Clinic Cohort Study of Oophorection and Aging)调查了双侧卵巢切除术时,双侧卵巢切除术的影响随着年龄的增长而增加。使用风险比和95%置信区间表示风险。x轴上的年龄层与认知障碍或痴呆和帕金森病的总体死亡率和心血管死亡率略有不同。
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